Hi All, I was going through the article by Miro Samek, "Building Bare-Metal ARM Systems with GNU" at www.embedded.com. The link to the article is below http://www.embedded.com/design/opensource/200000632?_requestid=34242 I had downloaded his example c_blinky.zip and wanted to try compiling it after setting up GNU ARM toolchain on windows PC. The link to the example is ftp://ftp.embedded.com/pub/2007/06Samek/c_blinky.zip These are the steps I had followed 1. Download and install YAGARTO tool chain to D:\yagarto 2. Update the windows path with D:\yagarto\bin 3. Uncompress the example c_blinky.zip 4. Modify the Makefile provided with the example c_blinky to select YAGARTO tool chain compiler, assembler and enabled verbose option. Below is the modified makefile ===================================================== ######################################################################## ###### # Product: BLINKY/C example application # Date of the Last Update: Jun 14, 2007 # # Q u a n t u m L e a P s # --------------------------- # innovating embedded systems # # Copyright (C) 2002-2007 Quantum Leaps, LLC. All rights reserved. # # Contact information: # Quantum Leaps Web site: http://www.quantum-leaps.com # e-mail: info@quantum-leaps.com ######################################################################## ###### # general utilities RM = rm -f # GNU-ARM tools directory GNU_ARM = D:/yagarto # The gcc compiler and linker CC = $(GNU_ARM)/bin/arm-elf-gcc ASM = $(GNU_ARM)/bin/arm-elf-as LINK = $(GNU_ARM)/bin/arm-elf-gcc OBJCOPY = $(GNU_ARM)/bin/arm-elf-objcopy BLDDIR = . CCINC = -I$(BLDDIR) APP_DEP = $(BLDDIR)/bsp.h \ $(BLDDIR)/arm_exc.h \ $(BLDDIR)/isr.h APP_NAME = blinky ARM_CPU = arm7tdmi # dbg (default target) ....................................................... BINDIR = dbg # gcc options for ARM and THUMB # -c : compile only # -g : source level debugging CCFLAGS = -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=$(ARM_CPU) -mthumb-interwork -O \ -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -o$@ -v ASMFLAGS = -gdwarf2 -mcpu=$(ARM_CPU) -mthumb-interwork -o$@ -v LINKFLAGS = -T ./$(APP_NAME).ld -o $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).elf \ -Wl,-Map,$(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).map,--cref -lm # release .................................................................... ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS), rel) BINDIR = rel # gcc options for ARM and THUMB # -c : compile only # -g : source level debugging CCFLAGS = -c -mcpu=$(ARM_CPU) -mthumb-interwork -O2 \ -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -DNDBEBUG -o$@ ASMFLAGS = -gdwarf2 -mcpu=$(ARM_CPU) -mthumb-interwork -o$@ LINKFLAGS = -T ./$(APP_NAME).ld -o $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).elf \ -Wl,-Map,$(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).map,--cref -lm endif ifeq ($(MAKECMDGOALS), rel_clean) BINDIR = rel endif #....................................................................... ...... all: $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).bin $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).bin : $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).elf $(OBJCOPY) -O binary $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).elf $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).bin $(BINDIR)/$(APP_NAME).elf : \ ./$(APP_NAME).ld \ $(BINDIR)/startup.o \ $(BINDIR)/arm_exc.o \ $(BINDIR)/low_level_init.o \ $(BINDIR)/bsp.o \ $(BINDIR)/isr.o \ $(BINDIR)/blinky.o $(LINK) \ $(BINDIR)/startup.o \ $(BINDIR)/arm_exc.o \ $(BINDIR)/low_level_init.o \ $(BINDIR)/bsp.o \ $(BINDIR)/isr.o \ $(BINDIR)/blinky.o \ $(LINKFLAGS) $(BINDIR)/startup.o: $(BLDDIR)/startup.s $(ASM) $(ASMFLAGS) $< $(BINDIR)/arm_exc.o: $(BLDDIR)/arm_exc.s $(ASM) $(ASMFLAGS) $< $(BINDIR)/low_level_init.o: $(BLDDIR)/low_level_init.c $(APP_DEP) $(CC) -marm $(CCFLAGS) $(CCINC) $< $(BINDIR)/bsp.o: $(BLDDIR)/bsp.c $(APP_DEP) $(CC) -mthumb $(CCFLAGS) $(CCINC) $< $(BINDIR)/isr.o: $(BLDDIR)/isr.c $(APP_DEP) $(CC) -marm $(CCFLAGS) $(CCINC) $< $(BINDIR)/blinky.o: $(BLDDIR)/blinky.c $(APP_DEP) $(CC) -mthumb $(CCFLAGS) $(CCINC) $< dbg: all rel: all # clean targets... .PHONY: clean rel_clean rel_clean: clean dbg_clean: clean clean: -$(RM) $(BINDIR)/*.o -$(RM) $(BINDIR)/*.elf -$(RM) $(BINDIR)/*.map ================================================== 5. I used cygwin installed Make version 3.8.1 to run the makefile The following are the errors I got ******************************************************************** D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/startup.o -v startup.s GNU assembler version 2.18 (arm-elf) using BFD version (GNU Binutils) 2.18 D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/arm_exc.o -v arm_exc.s GNU assembler version 2.18 (arm-elf) using BFD version (GNU Binutils) 2.18 D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/low _level_init.o -v -I. low_level_init.c Using built-in specs. Target: arm-elf Configured with: ../gcc-4.2.2/configure --target=arm-elf --prefix=/home/yagarto/install --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-t hreads --with-gcc --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-dwarf2 --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-interwork --enable-multilib --with-n ewlib --with-headers=../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/include --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libmudflap --disable- libgomp -v Thread model: single gcc version 4.2.2 d:/yagarto/bin/../libexec/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/cc1.exe -quiet -v -I. -imultilib interwork -iprefix d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf /4.2.2/ -D__USES_INITFINI__ low_level_init.c -quiet -dumpbase low_level_init.c -marm -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -mlong-calls -auxbase-strip dbg/low_level_init.o -gdwarf-2 -O -Wall -version -ffunction-sections -o C:\DOCUME~1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccrrtja F.s #include "..." search starts here: #include <...> search starts here: . d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/sys-include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/include End of search list. GNU C version 4.2.2 (arm-elf) compiled by GNU C version 3.4.5 (mingw special). GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072 Compiler executable checksum: 17d82494ce6037e4c50af8ea602988cc d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/as.exe -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/low_level_init.o C: \DOCUME~1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccrrtjaF.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/b sp.o -v -I. bsp.c Using built-in specs. Target: arm-elf Configured with: ../gcc-4.2.2/configure --target=arm-elf --prefix=/home/yagarto/install --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-t hreads --with-gcc --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-dwarf2 --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-interwork --enable-multilib --with-n ewlib --with-headers=../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/include --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libmudflap --disable- libgomp -v Thread model: single gcc version 4.2.2 d:/yagarto/bin/../libexec/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/cc1.exe -quiet -v -I. -imultilib thumb/interwork -iprefix d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/a rm-elf/4.2.2/ -D__USES_INITFINI__ bsp.c -quiet -dumpbase bsp.c -mthumb -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -mlong-calls -auxbase-stri p dbg/bsp.o -gdwarf-2 -O -Wall -version -ffunction-sections -o C:\DOCUME~1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccHzN4ER.s #include "..." search starts here: #include <...> search starts here: . d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/sys-include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/include End of search list. GNU C version 4.2.2 (arm-elf) compiled by GNU C version 3.4.5 (mingw special). GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072 Compiler executable checksum: 17d82494ce6037e4c50af8ea602988cc d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/as.exe -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/bsp.o C:\DOCUME~1\S AMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccHzN4ER.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/isr .o -v -I. isr.c Using built-in specs. Target: arm-elf Configured with: ../gcc-4.2.2/configure --target=arm-elf --prefix=/home/yagarto/install --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-t hreads --with-gcc --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-dwarf2 --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-interwork --enable-multilib --with-n ewlib --with-headers=../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/include --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libmudflap --disable- libgomp -v Thread model: single gcc version 4.2.2 d:/yagarto/bin/../libexec/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/cc1.exe -quiet -v -I. -imultilib interwork -iprefix d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf /4.2.2/ -D__USES_INITFINI__ isr.c -quiet -dumpbase isr.c -marm -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -mlong-calls -auxbase-strip dbg/is r.o -gdwarf-2 -O -Wall -version -ffunction-sections -o C:\DOCUME~1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccznrYw1.s #include "..." search starts here: #include <...> search starts here: . d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/sys-include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/include End of search list. GNU C version 4.2.2 (arm-elf) compiled by GNU C version 3.4.5 (mingw special). GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072 Compiler executable checksum: 17d82494ce6037e4c50af8ea602988cc d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/as.exe -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/isr.o C:\DOCUME~1\S AMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccznrYw1.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/b linky.o -v -I. blinky.c Using built-in specs. Target: arm-elf Configured with: ../gcc-4.2.2/configure --target=arm-elf --prefix=/home/yagarto/install --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-t hreads --with-gcc --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-dwarf2 --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-interwork --enable-multilib --with-n ewlib --with-headers=../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/include --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libmudflap --disable- libgomp -v Thread model: single gcc version 4.2.2 d:/yagarto/bin/../libexec/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/cc1.exe -quiet -v -I. -imultilib thumb/interwork -iprefix d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/a rm-elf/4.2.2/ -D__USES_INITFINI__ blinky.c -quiet -dumpbase blinky.c -mthumb -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -mlong-calls -auxbas e-strip dbg/blinky.o -gdwarf-2 -O -Wall -version -ffunction-sections -o C:\DOCUME~1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccv1Cul9.s #include "..." search starts here: #include <...> search starts here: . d:\yagarto\bin\../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/sys-include d:/yagarto/bin/../arm-elf/include End of search list. GNU C version 4.2.2 (arm-elf) compiled by GNU C version 3.4.5 (mingw special). GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072 Compiler executable checksum: 17d82494ce6037e4c50af8ea602988cc d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/as.exe -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/blinky.o C:\DOCUME~ 1\SAMAVA~1\LOCALS~1\Temp/ccv1Cul9.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc \ dbg/startup.o \ dbg/arm_exc.o \ dbg/low_level_init.o \ dbg/bsp.o \ dbg/isr.o \ dbg/blinky.o \ -T ./blinky.ld -o dbg/blinky.elf -Wl,-Map,dbg/blinky.map,--cref -lm dbg/startup.o: In function `_start': C:\Downloads\c_blinky\c_blinky/startup.s:47: multiple definition of `_start' d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/lib/crt0.o:( .text+0x0): first defined here d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-atexit.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-exit.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-impure.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-init.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-memset.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-syscalls.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-__atexit.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-__call_atexit.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-errno.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-findfp.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-fwalk.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-malloc.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-mallocr.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-mlock.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-sbrkr.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-stdio.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-strlen.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-writer.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-closer.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-fclose.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-fflush.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-freer.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-lseekr.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-readr.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../ ../arm-elf/lib\libc.a(lib_a-reent.o) does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/crtend.o does not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: Warning: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/crtn.o do es not support interworking, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [dbg/blinky.elf] Error 1 ******************************************************************** I am not able to understand how to solve these errors and warnings. Please kindly help in solving the compilation problem. Thanks, Dan
Try to add -mthumb-interwork to the linker-options. For the _start problem I'd have to look into the code. Did you search all files for "_start", where can you find it?
Martin Thomas wrote: > Try to add -mthumb-interwork to the linker-options. For the _start > problem I'd have to look into the code. Did you search all files for > "_start", where can you find it? Hi Martin, Thanks for the sugesstion, will try it out and let you know the result. The _start is in startup.s. Thanks, Dan
Dan Clo wrote: > Martin Thomas wrote: >> Try to add -mthumb-interwork to the linker-options. For the _start >> problem I'd have to look into the code. Did you search all files for >> "_start", where can you find it? > > Hi Martin, > > Thanks for the sugesstion, will try it out and let you know the result. > The _start is in startup.s. > > Thanks, > Dan Hi Martin, Thanks alot. Adding -mthumb-interwork to the linker-options did work. But I am still trying to figure out how to solve the _start problem. This is the output ====================================================================== D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/startup.o startup.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -odbg/arm_exc.o arm_exc.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/low _level_init.o -I. low_level_init.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/b sp.o -I. bsp.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/isr .o -I. isr.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm7tdmi -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/b linky.o -I. blinky.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc \ dbg/startup.o \ dbg/arm_exc.o \ dbg/low_level_init.o \ dbg/bsp.o \ dbg/isr.o \ dbg/blinky.o \ -T ./blinky.ld -o dbg/blinky.elf -Wl,-Map,dbg/blinky.map,--cref -lm -mthumb-interwork dbg/startup.o: In function `_start': C:\Downloads\c_blinky\c_blinky/startup.s:47: multiple definition of `_start' d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/lib/interwor k/crt0.o:(.text+0x0): first defined here collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [dbg/blinky.elf] Error 1 ======================================================================= Thanks, Dan
Hello Dan, only an idea, try to use: -nostartfiles for the link flags too. Best regards, Michael
Michael Fischer wrote: > Hello Dan, > > only an idea, try to use: > > -nostartfiles > > for the link flags too. > > Best regards, > > Michael Hi Michael, Thanks for trying to help. I tried applying your suggestion but didnt work, I got a few more errors. The result is below. ======================================================================== ==== D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -odbg/startup.o startup.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-as -gdwarf2 -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -odbg/arm_exc.o arm_exc.s D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/ low_level_init.o -I. low_level_init.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odb g/bsp.o -I. bsp.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -marm -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odbg/ isr.o -I. isr.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc -mthumb -gdwarf-2 -c -mcpu=arm926ej-s -mthumb-interwork -O -mlong-calls -ffunction-sections -Wall -odb g/blinky.o -I. blinky.c D:/yagarto/bin/arm-elf-gcc \ dbg/startup.o \ dbg/arm_exc.o \ dbg/low_level_init.o \ dbg/bsp.o \ dbg/isr.o \ dbg/blinky.o \ -T ./blinky.ld -o dbg/blinky.elf -Wl,-Map,dbg/blinky.map,--cref -lm -mthumb-interwork -nostartfiles d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: ERROR: d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../.. /arm-elf/lib/interwork\libc.a(lib_a-init.o) uses FPA instructions, whereas dbg/blinky.elf does not d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/bin/ld.exe: failed to merge target specific data of file d:/yagarto/bi n/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/lib/interwork\libc.a(lib_ a-init.o) d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/lib/interwor k\libc.a(lib_a-init.o): In function `__libc_fini_array': C:\msys\1.0\home\yagarto\newlib-build\arm-elf\interwork\newlib\libc\misc /../../../../../../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/misc/init.c:5 8: undefined reference to `_fini' d:/yagarto/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-elf/4.2.2/../../../../arm-elf/lib/interwor k\libc.a(lib_a-init.o): In function `__libc_init_array': C:\msys\1.0\home\yagarto\newlib-build\arm-elf\interwork\newlib\libc\misc /../../../../../../newlib-1.16.0/newlib/libc/misc/init.c:4 0: undefined reference to `_init' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [dbg/blinky.elf] Error 1 ======================================================================== ======= Thanks again, Sam
Please read the embedded.com article series about "bare-metal" esp. the linker-script explanations. If you expect help from me: please try to use one of my makefiles form one of the newer examples on my web-pages. Even if they look a little complicated at first but I have tested them and the options to the tools should work.
Martin Thomas wrote: > Please read the embedded.com article series about "bare-metal" esp. the > linker-script explanations. > > If you expect help from me: please try to use one of my makefiles form > one of the newer examples on my web-pages. Even if they look a little > complicated at first but I have tested them and the options to the tools > should work. Hi Martin, Thanks for your help. Will try out with your makefiles. Regards, Dan
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